Cyclic-diene additives in polyethylene films and enhanced film orientation balance in production thereof

ABSTRACT

A method of forming a blown film comprising extruding a molten composition through a die opening to form a film; wherein the molten composition comprises at least one polyethylene and within the range from 0.10 wt % to 10 wt % of a cyclic-diene terpolymer by weight of the composition; causing the film to progress in a direction away from the die opening; cooling the film at a distance from the die opening, the distance adjusted to effect the properties of the film; and isolating a blown film therefrom.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of and claims priority to U.S. Ser. No.15/303,788, filed Oct. 13, 2016, now allowed, which is a National StagePhase Application of International PCT Application No.PCT/US2015/030838, filed May 14, 2015, which claims priority to and thebenefit of U.S. Ser. No. 62/004,278, filed May 29, 2014, U.S. Ser. No.62/117,514, filed Feb. 18, 2015 and EP 15162711.4 filed Apr. 8, 2015,each of which is incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to polyethylene films and the process usedto form such films, and in particular, an improved blown film processand the films that result therefrom.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The blown film technique is an important means by which polyethylenefilms are manufactured. A major use of such films is in making bags,where the films can be formed as continuous cylinders then crimped toclose one end. The process to blow polyethylenes into such films howeveris complex, requiring a balance between processability (flowability andmelt strength) on the one hand and mechanical properties (e.g., TensileStrength, Modulus) on the other. Improvements in both the materials usedto make such films, and the process itself, can synergistically makeblown films a more attractive commercial product. The inventors herehave found desirable materials and methods of forming blown films.

Methods of cooling films extruded through a ring die have been discussedin U.S. Pat. No. 3,891,790. Other references of interest include: U.S.Pat. Nos. 7,687,580; 6,509,431; 6,111,019; 6,355,757; 6,391,998;6,417,281; 6,300,451; 6,114,457; 6,734,265; 6,147,180; 6,870,010;5,670,595; 4,565,847; 4,784,885; 3,568,252; WO 2007/067307; WO2002/085954; US 2008/179780; US 2007/0260016; US 2005/0154136; US2013/0090433; EP 0 544 098 A; CN 102863685; JP 2002179855 A; JP2011231260 A; JP 7309983 A; JP H06136197 A; JP H06136194 A; and Guzman,et al., 56(5) AIChE Journal, 1325-1333 (2010).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed is a blown film having an MD Tensile Strength within a rangefrom 6,000 psi (41 MPa) to 16,000 psi (110 MPa) comprising a compositioncomprising at least one polyethylene and within the range from 0.10 wt %to 10 wt % of a CDTP; wherein the CDTP comprises ethylene-derived units,within a range from 0.01 wt % to 10.0 wt % cyclic diene-derived units,and 0 wt % to 20 wt % of C₄ to C₁₀ α-olefin derived units based on theweight of the CDTP, wherein the CDTP has a) a g′_(vis) of less than0.80, or less than 0.60; b) an M_(w(MALLS)) within a range of from200,000 g/mol to 1,000,000 g/mol; c) an M_(w(MALLS))/M_(n(DRI)) withinthe range of from 5.0 to 30.0; and d) an M_(z(MALLS))/M_(n(DRI)) ofgreater than 50.0.

Also disclosed is a method of forming a blown film comprising extrudinga molten composition through a die opening to form a film; wherein themolten composition comprises at least one polyethylene and within therange from 0.10 wt % to 10 wt % of a cyclic-diene terpolymer (CDTP) byweight of the composition; causing the film to progress in a directionaway from the die opening, preferably in the molten state, partiallymolten, or softened due to some partial cooling; cooling the film at adistance from the die opening, the distance adjusted to effect theproperties of the film; and isolating a blown film therefrom.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a diagrammatic depiction of a blown film process.

FIG. 1B is a non-limiting diagrammatic depiction of the inventiveprocess, wherein “H” is the distance between the cooling device and thedie.

FIG. 2 is a graphical plot of the strain hardening of CDTP/LLDPEpolyethylene blends as a function of the weight percentage of CDTPadditive.

FIG. 3 are GPC chromatograms of polymers used in the Examples from DRIand MALLS analysis showing CDTP branching behavior.

FIG. 4 are GPC chromatograms of polymers used in the Examples from DRIand MALLS analysis showing CDTP molecular weight distribution and othercharacteristics.

FIG. 5 is a “radar” plot of various measured blown film parameters andprocessing features for Exceed™ LLDPE, Exceed with 5 wt % LDPE, andExceed with 1 wt % of the CDTP.

FIG. 6 is an exemplary Strain Hardening plot of η_(e) [eta(e),extensional viscosity] versus time for one of the inventive examples.

FIG. 7 is a bar plot comparing prior art methods of improving themaximum rate of film extrusion versus the use of the inventive CDTP,comparing LDPE as an additive, and the “1,9-diene” and “1,7-diene”terpolymers of US 2013/0090433 A1.

FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B are graphical representations of SAXS/WAXSmeasurements taken of the inventive blown films, and their relation toboth 1% Secant Flexural Modulus and Dart Impact.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The inventors have surprisingly found that the addition of a minoramount of a cyclic-diene terpolymer (“CDTP”) with a polyethylene,especially LLDPE, in combination with a film process with a means forcooling the forming melted film that provides some distance from the diefrom which the film emanates, yields significant enhancement of a numberof the blown film's properties. In this film forming process, a coolingdevice such as an air ring, for example, is elevated (moved a distancefrom the die) allowing for more effective cooling of the forming film.It is believed that this allows the polymer molecules to “relax” in themelt for a period of time after the melt exits the die, and thusproviding the distance allows such relaxation prior to crystallizationof the polyethylene, effecting the properties of the film such as impactstrength, tear strength, tensile properties, etc., of the blown filmderived from the inventive process. In the molten or semi-molten state,the molten polymer is stretched in both the TD and MD directions afterit reaches the elevated air ring. Then the film is subjected toeffective cooling from, for example, both a trip-lip air ring andinternal bubble cooling, common in blown film processes. It is evidencedthat this new process and CDTP addition provide a balanced MD-TDorientation; hence, the film exhibits enhanced physical properties.Desirably, the combination of CDTP and separation between the coolingand the die also creates a desired crystal size and morphology, whichresult in the enhanced stiffness and excellent optical property.

Process to Produce a Film

Thus the invention in any embodiment is a method of forming a blown filmcomprising extruding a molten composition through a die opening to forma film, wherein the molten composition comprises at least onepolyethylene and within the range from 0.10 wt % to 10 wt % of acyclic-diene terpolymer (CDTP) by weight of the composition, theextruder having a die opening from which the molten composition filmemanates. In any embodiment the invention further includes causing thefilm to progress in a direction away from the opening. At this point thefilm may be molten, partly molten (that is, having solidified at leastpartly) or completely solidified but still softened due to an elevatedtemperature but lower than the melt temperature upon extrusion. Theprocess further includes cooling the molten composition in the form of afilm at a distance from the die opening, the distance adjusted to allowrelaxation of the molten composition prior to solidification and/orcrystallization upon cooling; and isolating a blown film therefrom.

By “at a distance from the die,” what is meant is that the “cooling,”such as a cooling ring that blows air on the forming film, is located atleast 1 or 2 or 4 or 8 cm from the die (or other distance as describedfurther herein) preferably measured from the top or outer edge of thedie to the base of the cooling device.

Also, by “causing the film to progress,” what is meant is that the filmforming from the die opening from hardening polyethylene is pulled orpushed mechanically or by some other means such as by air pressure(negative or positive) away from the die to create a continuous blownfilm.

In a typical process, a polyethylene melt is extruded through a die suchas an annular slit die, usually vertically, to form a thin walled tube.Cooling preferably in the form of air is introduced via a ring in thecenter of the die to blow up the tube like a balloon. Cooling could alsobe effectuated by other means, and the air may be nitrogen/oxygen orother gases or mixtures of gases or liquids. Mounted on top of the die,a high-speed air ring blows onto the hot film to cool it. In the presentinvention, additional cooling occurs at some distance “H” (see FIG. 1B)from the die, which is at least 1 cm as defined above, preferably,cooling on the outside surface of the film. The tube of film can thencontinue upwards (see arrows in FIGS. 1A and 1B), continually cooling,until it may pass through nip rolls where the tube is flattened tocreate what is known as a “lay-flat” tube of film. This lay-flat orcollapsed tube can then be taken back down the extrusion “tower” viamore rollers. On higher output lines, the air inside the bubble is alsoexchanged. This is known as IBC (Internal Bubble Cooling).

Desirably, the % crystallinity (χ) of the forming film (in the vicinity“B” in FIG. 1A) or the finished, blown film (any point after “27” inFIG. 1A) could be measured as described below, and this could be used toaid in adjusting the distance of the cooling and the amount of“relaxation” or crystallization of the forming film. For instance, thedistance could be adjusted to keep % crystallinity (χ) of the film inthe vicinity of “H” below 50% or 40% or 30% or 20% or 10%, or between 1or 5 or 10% to 15 or 20 or 30% crystallinity. Further, the distance “H”can be adjusted to any fall within one of the crystallinityrelationships expressed in (I) and/or (II), discussed further below.

The lay-flat film is then either kept as such or the edges of thelay-flat are slit off to produce two flat film sheets and wound up ontoreels. Articles such as bags can be made from such lay-flat films. Inthis regard, if kept as lay-flat, the tube of film is made into bags bysealing across the width of film and cutting or perforating to make eachbag. This is done either in line with the blown film process or at alater stage.

Preferably, the expansion ratio between die and blown tube of film wouldbe 1.5 to 4 times the die diameter. The drawdown between the melt wallthickness and the cooled film thickness occurs in both radial andlongitudinal directions and is easily controlled by changing the volumeof air inside the bubble and by altering the haul off speed. This givesblown film a better balance of properties than traditional cast orextruded film, which is drawn down along the extrusion direction only.

A typical prior art blown film process is described with reference toFIG. 1A, where the ingredients used to form the film are added in anydesirable form, preferably as granules, in hopper 1, which feeds thematerial to the extruder 3, where the materials are melt blended at adesirable temperature through shear forces and/or heating. The moltenmaterial is then fed, with or without filtering, to a die 5 which isalso heated to a desired temperature and then forced from the die in thedirection of the arrow in FIG. 1A. The cooling of the forming film takesplace via 7, preferably a device that blows air that is at least 5 or10° C. cooler than the surrounding air, where the “surrounding air” isair that is at least 1 meter from the cooling device, but less than 5meters. The air preferably blows against the outside of the film, mostpreferably around the entire circumference formed by the film. There isalso air blown internally that both cools and blows the film up like aballoon. The film 9 starts to expand where it eventually cools andcrystallizes to form blown film 11.

The inventive process is described with reference to FIG. 1B, where theactual apparatus useful in such a process shares many of the features inFIG. 1A. Materials used to form the film is fed into the extruder 23 viahopper 21, where the materials are melt blended and transferred in themolten state, a partly molten state, or softened due to some cooling tothe die 25. Here, unlike in the prior art process, the forming film “B”is allowed to form in the direction of the arrow for a time and distance“H” until reaching the cooling device 27, again preferably a device thatblows air that is at least 5 or 10° C. cooler than the surrounding air.The medium, such as air, around the forming film B may be controlled soas to facilitate relaxation of the film in its molten or softened stateduring the time spent in the H distance. The forming film B desirablyspends from 0.5 or 1 or 5 seconds to 10 or 20 seconds in the zonedescribed by the distance H in FIG. 1B. Preferably, the cooling air isat a temperature within the range from 5 or 10° C. to 15 or 20 or 25 or30° C.; and preferably the surrounding temperature in the expanding areaof the forming film 29 is within a range from 20 or 30° C. to 50 or 60°C. The film then expands and cools in the region 29 as it is cooled by,for example, cooler air blowing from 27, where a finished, blown film 31is eventually isolated by various means such as by rollers, nips, etc.

The “distance” can be any distance from the die, preferably measuredfrom the top or outer edge of the die to the base of the cooling device.The optimal distance is one that allows for adequate relaxation of themolten composition before it crystalizes into the blown film. In anyembodiment, the distance H is greater than 1, or 2, or 4, or 8 cm, orwithin a range of from 1, or 2, or 4, or 8 cm to 50 cm, or 60 cm, or 80cm, or 3 meters. Stated another way, the distance can be described asthe ratio of H/D and is within a range from 0.05, or 0.1 or 0.5 or 1 to2 or 3 or 4 or 5, or 10, or 15, or 20 where H (FIG. 1B) is the distancefrom die exit to the “cooling device”, for example, a cooling ring, andD is the diameter of a die (H and D are the same units). The coolingprovided by the cooling device is preferably provided by air emanatingfrom the device and blown around the film. Air may also be blown insidethe film if the blown film is a tube, and most preferably there is airblown inside the film-tube. Such air will emanate from the center of thedie, near or at the die opening, and will maintain the temperature inthe vicinity “H” described above.

Preferably, the die used in the formation of the films herein isdesigned such that the die opening, through which the molten compositionemanates, is in the form of a ring and the molten composition emanatingtherefrom is in the form of a continuous tube.

The performance of the polymer composition being formed into a film canbe characterized in any embodiment as a Maximum Die Rate. The “MaximumDie Rate” is a normalized extrusion rate by die size which is commonlyused in blow film industry. The Maximum Die Rate as used herein isexpressed as following: Maximum Die Rate [lb/in-hr]=Extrusion Rate[lb/hr]/Die Circumference [inch]. Another definition of the Maximum DieRate is expressed as following: Maximum Die Rate [kg/mm-hr]=ExtrusionRate [kg/hr]/Die Diameter [mm]. The Maximum Die Rate in the presentinvention at which the film is formed is greater than 13 lb/in-hr (0.73kg/mm-hr) or 16 lb/in-hr (0.90 kg/mm-hr) or 24 lb/in-hr (1.34 kg/mm-hr)in any embodiment, or within a range from 13 lb/in-hr (0.73 kg/mm-hr) or16 lb/in-hr (0.90 kg/mm-hr), or 24 lb/in-hr (1.34 kg/mm-hr) to 30 (1.69kg/mm-hr), or 40 lb/in-hr (2.25 kg/mm-hr); and preferably the MaximumRate of extrusion is within a range from 350 lb/hr (159 kg/hr) to 500lb/hr (227 kg/hr). Note that for the “Maximum Die Rate” in the Englishunit, the die dimension is the die circumference, while in metric unit,the die dimension is the die diameter. Thus, for die factor in lb/in-hr,the full expression is lb/die circumference (in unit of inch)/hr; andfor die factor in kg/mm-hr, the full expression is kg/die diameter (inunit of mm)/hr.

Polyethylene Blend

The inventive method in any embodiment includes the extrusion of amolten composition which is a polyethylene blend comprising at least onepolyethylene and at least one CDTP. The “polyethylene” that is useful inmaking films is preferably any type of homo- or co-polymer derived fromethylene and C₃ to C₁₀ α-olefins, most preferably comprising at least80, or 85, or 90, or 95 wt % ethylene derived units (meaning that thepolymer itself comprises the named amount of “mer” units that come fromethylene). When referring to a “at least one polyethylene” or “moltencomposition,” this includes the possibility of having a blend of two ormore polymers fitting that description. Preferably, the polyethylene isa linear low density polyethylene having a density within the range from0.850 or 0.900 or 0.905 g/cm³ to 0.915 or 0.925 or 0.930 g/cm³. Also thelinear low density polyethylene preferably has a melt index (ASTM D 1238190° C., 2.16 kg) within the range from 0.20 or 0.40 or 0.60 or 0.80g/10 min to 1.20 or 1.40 or 1.60 or 2.00 or 4.00, or 8.0, or 10.0 g/10min. In any embodiment, the polyethylene has a molecular weightdistribution (Mw/Mn) within the range from 1.8 to 2.0 or 2.5 or 4.0 or3.5 or 4.0.

In any embodiment the polyethylene comprises within the range from 0.10or 0.50 wt % to 2.0 or 3.0 or 5.0, or 10 wt % of a CDTP. They can beblended together by any known method such as dry blending ofpellets/granules of the material followed by melt extrusion to form anintimate blend suitable for forming blown films, foamed articles such asplates and cups, and other useful articles. The blending can take placeprior to forming films or other articles, thus forming pellets orgranules of the blend that can be shipped and/or stored, or the blendingcan take place in the melt blending apparatus (e.g., screw extruder)used in the film forming or foamed article process equipment. In eitherstage, other additives can also be added that are common in the art suchas antioxidants, slip agents, etc.

In any embodiment the CDTP comprises ethylene, within a range from 0.01,or 0.10, or 0.50 wt % to 5.0, or 8.0, or 10.0 wt % cyclic-diene derivedunits, and within the range from 0, or 0.10, or 0.50 wt % to 5.0, or10.0, or 20 wt % of C₃ to C₁₀ α-olefin derived units, especiallypropylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, or 1-octene derived units, based on theweight of the CDTP. The CDTP is an ethylene-based terpolymer, meaningthat other than the cyclic-diene and other α-olefin derived units, theCDTP consists of ethylene derived units. Preferably, the inventive CDTPscomprise within the range from 70, or 80 wt % to 98, or 99.99 wt %ethylene-derived units.

In any embodiment the cyclic diene-derived units are selected from thegroup consisting of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), norbornadiene (NBD),5-vinyl-2-norbornene (VNB), ethylidene norbornene (ENB), derivativesthereof, and combinations thereof. Most preferably, the cyclic-dieneunits derive from 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (VNB). Useful CDTPs in thepresent invention can be made by any suitable means, but in anyembodiment, the methods used in U.S. Pat. No. 7,511,106 are used, mostpreferably, a solution metallocene process. Examples of commerciallyavailable CDTP's include certain Vistalon™ EPDM grades from ExxonMobilChemical Company.

Useful CDTPs are highly branched terpolymers, and preferably have abimodal molecular weight distribution. As determined by GPC (MALLS-3D orDRI analysis), in any embodiment the CDTPs have a g′_(vis) of less than0.80, or less than 0.60, or less than 0.40, or within a range from 0.30,or 0.40 to 0.60 or 0.80, or 0.90. The branching may also be described bya “Branching Index” (“BI”), which in any embodiment, the CDTP has avalue of less than 0.80, or 0.60, or 0.40, or within a range from 0.20,or 0.25 to 0.50 or 0.60.

In any embodiment the CDTPs have an M_(n(DRI)) within a range of from18,000, or 20,000 g/mol to 40,000, or 80,000 g/mol. In any embodimentthe CDTPs have an M_(w(MALLS)) within a range of from 200,000, or300,000 g/mol to 800,000, or 1,000,000 g/mol. In any embodiment theCDTPs have an M_(z(MALLS)) within a range of from 900,000, or 1,000,000,or 1,500,000 g/mol to 2,800,000, or 3,000,000, or 3,400,000 g/mol. Inany embodiment the CDTPs have an M_(w(MALLS))/M_(n(DRI)) within therange of from 5.0, or 8.0, or 10.0, or 12.0 to 24.0, or 28.0, or 30.0.In any embodiment the CDTPs have an M_(z(MALLS))/M_(w(MALLS)) of greaterthan 2.0, or 3.0, or 4.0, or within a range from 2.0, or 3.0, or 4.0 to6.0, or 10.0, or 14.0. In any embodiment the CDTPs have anM_(z(MALLS))/M_(n(DRI)) of greater than 50.0, or 60.0, or 80.0, orwithin a range from 50.0, or 60.0, or 80.0 to 110, or 120, or 140.

Finished Film

The improvement resulting from the process can be seen in the lamellarstructure of the inventive films. This is reflected in SAXS/WAXS dataacquired on the finished, blown films. This technique yields informationpertaining to the crystal structure of the materials (f_(LAM) andf_(c)). These results can be described with respect to other properties,namely the Average Secant Flexural Modulus (ASC) and Dart Impact (DI).Thus in any embodiment the blown film follows one of the relationships(I):20,676 (psi)<ASC-44094·f _(LAM)<24,676 (psi); or18,676 (psi)<ASC-44094·f _(LAM)<26,676 (psi); or16,676 (psi)<ASC-44094·f _(LAM)<28,676 (psi);  (I)wherein f_(LAM) is the Orientation of lamellae stacks to MD in MD-TDplane [-], and ASC is the 1% Average Secant Flexural Modulus [psi]. The“[-]” means that the parameter is unitless. Also in any embodiment theblown film follows one of the relationships (II):667 (g/mil)<DI+27.8·f _(c)·100<1,067 (g/mil); or567 (g/mil)<DI+27.8·f _(c)·100<1,167 (g/mil); or467 (g/mil)<DI+27.8·f _(c)·100<1,267 (g/mil);  (II)wherein f_(c) is Orientation of c-axis of crystal [-], and DI is DartImpact [g/mil]. Both (I) and (II) are presented graphically, with theexperimental data included, in FIGS. 8A and 8B, where the dashed linesrepresent the different ranges expressed in the equations above.

The inventive films made from the polyethylene/CDTP blends have manyuseful properties relative to the polyethylene alone used to make afilm, as demonstrated by the inventors and summarized graphically in thecomparison diagram of FIG. 5. In particular, in any embodiment the MDTensile Strength of the blown film is within a range from 8000 psi (55MPa) to 16,000 psi (110 MPa). Also in any embodiment the MD Elongationof the blown film is within a range from 480% to 680%. Finally, in anyembodiment the Gloss (ASTM D2457, 60°) of the blown film is greater than60, or 70, or 80%. Also, in any embodiment the 1% Average SecantFlexural Modulus of the inventive film is within a range from 25,000(172), or 28,000 psi (193 MPa) to 35,000 (241), or 40,000 psi (276 MPa)in either the MD or TD; and in any embodiment the Dart Impact is withina range from 400, or 420 g/mil to 500, or 550, or 600, or 650, or 700,or 800, or 900, or 1000 g/mil. The blown film in any embodiment has athickness within the range from 10 or 15 μm to 50 or 75 or 100 or 150μm.

Due to the improved strain hardening character of the polyethylene/CDTPblends, as demonstrated in FIG. 6, the inventive process also includesmaking foamed articles, and the foamed articles therefrom. Usefulfoaming agents are well known in the art and can be added to the desireddegree to afford closed cell structures in the forming article. Usefularticles include cups, plates, and other articles where foamedpolystyrene is of practical use.

The various descriptive elements and numerical ranges disclosed hereinfor the inventive film forming process and the inventive films can becombined with other descriptive elements and numerical ranges todescribe the invention(s); further, for a given element, any uppernumerical limit can be combined with any lower numerical limit describedherein, including the examples in jurisdictions that allow such ranges.The features of the invention are demonstrated in the followingnon-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES Test Methods

All test methods are well known in the art and published in US2013-0090433 A1. The crystallization and melting point temperatures weredetermined by Differential Scanning calorimetry at 10° C./min. The highload melt flow (121 or HLMI) parameters are determined per ASTM D 1238190° C., 21.6 kg. Polymer molecular weight (weight-average molecularweight, Mw, number-average molecular weight, Mn, and z-averagedmolecular weight, Mz) and molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) aredetermined using Size-Exclusion Chromatography. Equipment consists of aHigh Temperature Size Exclusion Chromatograph (either from WatersCorporation or Polymer Laboratories), with a differential refractiveindex detector (DRI), an online light scattering detector, and aviscometer (SEC-DRI-LS-VIS). For purposes of the claims, SEC-DRI-LS-VISshall be used. Three Polymer Laboratories PLgel 10 mm Mixed-B columnsare used. The nominal flow rate is 0.5 cm³/min and the nominal injectionvolume is 300 μL. The various transfer lines, columns and differentialrefractometer (the DRI detector) are contained in an oven maintained at135° C. Solvent for the SEC experiment is prepared by dissolving 6 gramsof butylated hydroxy toluene as an antioxidant in 4 liters of reagentgrade 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB). The TCB mixture is then filteredthrough a 0.7 μm glass pre-filter and subsequently through a 0.1 μmTeflon filter. The TCB is then degassed with an online degasser beforeentering the SEC.

For ethylene copolymers with alpha-omega-dienes, propylene and C3 to C10α-olefins, the presence of long chain branched structures in the CDTPscan be detected using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). In¹³C-NMR the CDTPs are dissolved in tetrachloroethane-d2 at 140° C. andthe spectra are collected at 125° C. Assignments of peaks forethylene/propylene, ethylene/butene, ethylene/hexene, andethylene/octene copolymers have been reviewed by James C. Randall in29(2) Polymer Reviews, 201-317 (1989). Assignments for propylene/butene,propylene/pentene, propylene/hexene, propylene/heptene, andpropylene/octene are presented by U. M Wahner, et al., in 204 Macromol.Chem. Phys., 1738-1748 (2003). These assignments were made usinghexamethyldisiloxane as the internal standard. To convert them to thesame standard used in the other references, add 2.0 to the chemicalshifts. Assignments and a method of measuring decene concentration havebeen reported for propylene/ethylene/decene terpolymers in Escher,Galland, and Ferreira in 41 J. Poly. Sci., Part A: Poly. Chem.,2531-2541 (2003); and Ferreira, Galland, Damiani, and Villar in 39 J.Poly. Sci, Part A: Poly. Chem., 2005-2018 (2001). The peaks in the¹³C-NMR spectrum of ethylene/norbornadiene copolymers are assigned byMönkkönen and Pakkanen in 200 Macromol. Chem. Phys., 2623-2628 (1999);and Radhakrishnan and Sivaram in 200 Macromol. Chem. Phys., 858-862(1999). More details are disclosed in US 2013-0090433 A1.

The branching index (g′_(vis), also referred to herein as g′) iscalculated using the output of the SEC-DRI-LS-VIS method (described inU.S. Pat. No. 7,807,769 for g′), and as described in WO 2014/070386.

X-Ray Test Methods

Each set of polymer film was interrogated using Small- and Wide-AngleX-ray Scattering (SAXS/WAXS) techniques. The X-ray source was a XenocsGeniX3D microfocus source (with a Copper target (wavelength=0.154 nm))and a SAXSLAB Ganesha 300XL Plus system. The film was placed in a sampleholder, under vacuum at room temperature and the SAXS, MAXS and WAXSdata were collected by changing the sample-to-detector distances from1041 mm, 441 mm and 90 mm respectively. The SAXS, MAXS and WAXS datawere collected using a 2D Dectris Pliatus vacuum compatible detector.The MAXS data essentially connects the SAXS and WAXS data in such a waythat we can collect data over a wide angular range, which corresponds toreal-space dimensions of 2.

The 2D X-ray patterns showed that all materials had an inherent degreeof molecular orientation: both in the small scale crystal (obtained fromWAXS) and in the larger range order which describes how these crystalsconnect via amorphous non-crystalline chains (obtained from SAXS). Themolecular orientation is observed by an anisotropic pattern: thescattering rings are not uniform in intensity; indicative of moremolecules being oriented in one specific direction, in our case, thisdirection is the machine direction (MD). The quantification of thisorientation is done by calculating at which angle the greatest intensitylies and to what extent. These angles are then used to compute theHermans Orientation Function (f_(H)). The f_(H) can be computed for bothSAXS and WAXS data, f_(H) from SAXS data describes the ordering in thecrystal stacks, or lamellae, connected by amorphous polymer chains. Thef_(H) from WAXS describes the order of the individual crystalliteswithin the lamellae. A f_(H) value of zero indicates anisotropy (noorder), a value of one (1) indicates perfect parallel alignment to MD,and a value of −0.5 indicates perfect perpendicular alignment to MD. ForPE blown film, positive fractional values of f_(H) are obtained,indicating preferential alignment to MD, but not perfect alignment.

The extent of crystallinity (or “relaxation”), or amount of polymerchain that crystallized, can also be calculated from the WAXS data. The2D images are collapsed to an Intensity versus Angle profile and the twosharp peaks observed for PE are fitted to a Gaussian function and theareas are calculated. The ratio of these peak areas to the total areaunder the scattering profile yields the extent of crystallinity.

The inter-crystalline (or lamellae) spacing can also be calculated fromSAXS from the peak maximum once the 2D SAXS data are collapsed to a 1Dintensity versus Angle profile.

Extensional Rheology

Extensional rheology is performed at 150° C. using a SentmanatExtensional Rheometer-2 (SER-2) mounted in a rotational rheometer MCR501 (Anton-Paar). The SER-2 consists of two counter-rotating drums onwhich the film sample is mounted at 150° C. and secured with pins. Oneof the drums is connected to the rheometer torque transducer androtational motor, which imposes pure uniaxial extensional deformation onthe sample. Values of the imposed strain rate and measured torque areused to calculate the extensional viscosity. The film specimens areprepared by compression molding at 200° C. The specimen typicaldimensions are 12.7 mm×12.7 mm×0.5 mm. Additionally, the linearviscoelastic (LVE) envelope is obtained from start-up of steady shearexperiments with a cone and plate fixture, and using Trouton's rule inextension transient mode, h_(e) ⁺=3h⁺, where h_(e) ⁺ is the extensionalviscosity, and h⁺ is the shear viscosity.

The relationship between strain hardening and the amount of CDTP isshown in FIG. 2, where SHR=100.7·V %+0.8551; where:

-   SHR: strain hardening ratio [-]-   V %: elastomer percentage [wt %]-   Where

${SHR} = \frac{h_{E,{peak}}}{h_{E,{LVE}}}$

-   Where [eta(e)_(peak)] η_(e, peak) is the peak extension viscosity in    strain hardening region; and-   [eta(e)_(LVE)]η_(e, LVE) is the extension viscosity linear    viscoelastic region.

For pure LLDPE, there is no strain hardening phenomenon, so the SHR is 1(slope of line), and for the inventive blend is preferably within arange from 1.0 to 2.0 or 3.0.

1% Average Secant Flexural Modulus (ASC, or “Secant Flexural Modulus”,or “Flex Mod”), is measured as specified by ASTM D-882.

Dart F50, or Dart Drop Impact or Dart Impact (DI), reported in grams (g)and/or grams per mil (g/μm), is measured as specified by ASTM D-1709,method B, using a dart with a phenolic composite head.

Branching Index

The Branching Index (BI) for the inventive CDTPs were determined usingGPC-LS as described here. The platform for both GPC-LS and GPC-DRI is aWaters 150-C GPC equipped with multiple detectors. The test featuresinclude filtered TCB (0.1-0.15% BHT antioxidant) as sample prep andmobile phase solvent, 135° C. operating temperature, 0.5 mL/min flowrate, about 0.1-0.5 mg injected mass (varies with M_(w)), and 2 hour runtimes.

The branching in highly branched polymers such asethylene-propylene-diene type elastomers have historically beendescribed by the “Branching Index” (BI) in characterizing the extent oflong-chain branching in such polymers. The definition is (1):

$\begin{matrix}{{BI} = {\frac{\left( M_{w} \right)_{linear}}{\left( M_{w} \right)_{branched}}\frac{\left( M_{v} \right)_{branched}}{\left( M_{v} \right)_{linear}}}} & (1)\end{matrix}$where “branched” refers to values measured for the real polymer, and“linear” refers to values predicted for an equivalent polymer (sameapparent molecular weight distribution) without long-chain branching.The DRI analysis results are used to calculate the latter:(M_(w))_(linear)=M_(w)(DRI) and (M_(v))_(linear)=M_(v)(DRI). Theseassignments are appropriate because the DRI analysis uses Mark-Houwinkparameters for linear polymers to calculate M. Likewise, since lightscattering measures the true M regardless of chain architecture, theassignment (M_(w))_(branched)=M_(w)(LS) is made. Calculation of the lastparameter, (M_(v))_(branched), requires [η] (eta) for the bulk polymerin order to make use of the definition of M_(v) (2):[η]_(bulk) =kM _(v) ^(α)  (2)where k and η are the standard Mark-Houwink parameters. Note that[η]_(bulk) (eta) is measured for the real polymer, so M_(v) thuscalculated reflects the branched structure and not its linearequivalent—even though the “linear” k and η (eta) are used in Equation(2). The [η]_(bulk) (eta) for the BI calculation is typically measuredin decalin. This is an entirely independent experiment from the GPC-LSanalysis, requiring a separate sample of the polymer.

Another approach is possible with a GPC-3D instrument with a viscositydetector is to use the on-line viscometer that allows the calculation ofan average [η] (eta) which is equivalent to [η]_(bulk) (eta) that wouldbe measured for the whole polymer in TCB at 135° C. The results of eachmeasurement for the same sample was used to calculate the otherparameters that go into calculating BI, making the calculationinternally consistent.

The BI values can be compared to another types of measurements used tocharacterize long-chain branching, the more conventional g′ parameter(3):

$\begin{matrix}{g^{\prime} = \frac{\lbrack\eta\rbrack_{branched}}{\lbrack\eta\rbrack_{linear}}} & (3)\end{matrix}$GPC-3D reports include g′ as a function of molecular weight, as well asan average g′ value, defined as the ratio of the measured average (i.e.,bulk) [η] (eta) to the value predicted by substituting M_(v) from thelight scattering analysis into Equation (2):

$\begin{matrix}{g_{avg}^{\prime} = \frac{\lbrack\eta\rbrack_{avg}}{{k\left( {M_{v}({LS})} \right)}^{\alpha}}} & (4)\end{matrix}$BI and g′_(avg) for Vistalon™ grades of ethylene-based diene elastomershave been compared and they correlate well for lightly branched polymers(index close to 1). As the branching level increases, g′ becomes lesssensitive to changes in branching level and BI is a more accuratemeasure of branching level.

Example CDTPs

The CDTP used in the present invention is anethylene-propylene-vinylidene norbornene terpolymer made according toU.S. Pat. No. 7,511,106 having 79 wt % ethylene derived units by weightof the terpolymer, 0.96 wt % of VNB based on the weight of theterpolymer, where the remainder is propylene derived units; and has anMI (I₂) of 0.05 g/10 min, an MIR (I₂₁) of 16.6 g/10 min, and a densityof 0.885 g/cm³. The terpolymer is also blended with 0.16 wt % ofIrgafos™ 1076 antioxidant. The measure of branching, g′_(vis avg) is0.36, and BI is 0.22. The “polyethylene” used in these examples wasExceed™ 1018, which has a peak melting point temperature of 118° C., anMI (I₂) of 1 g/10 min and a density of 0.918 g/cm³. The branching (g′visavg) value for the polypropylene resin was between about 0.97 and 1.0,and exhibits no extensional viscosity (no peak on the plots as in FIG.6).

Gel Permeation Chromatograph (GPC) was performed on the CDTP used in theExamples, the results of which are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. The resultsare also summarized in Table 1. The adjusted flow rate (ml/m) in thecolumns was 0.559, and LS to DRI (ml) was 0.192, and LS to Vis (ml) was0.391, where the DRI constant was 0.0002246. The MALLS analysis isrelied upon for Mw and Mz when calculating, for example, Mw/Mn, orMz/Mn, which is a better method for measuring highly branched polymers,while DRI values are used for Mn, which is more sensitive and detectssmaller molecules.

TABLE 1 GPC results for the CDTP of the inventive films Parameter DRIanalysis MALLS analysis Mn (g/mole) 25,909 113,292 Mw (g/mole) 191,775573,809 Mz (g/mole) 750,746 2,686,205 Mw_((MALLS))/Mn_((DRI)) 22Mz_((MALLS))/Mw_((MALLS)) 4.7 Mz_((MALLS))/Mn_((DRI)) 103

Extensional Rheology experiments were carried out as described herein onLLDPE blends with 3 wt % of the inventive CDTP. Those results are shownin FIG. 6. They demonstrate that the presence of the CDTP in the LLDPEimproves its strain hardening behavior.

Method of Forming Films

In the tables below, when referring to Exceed™ LLDPE, “G” stands forgranule, and “P” stands for pellet. All the samples of either purecomponent or blends were extruded or mixed in a 57 mm Coperion twinscrew extruder. The pure component (LLDPE) or the blend (LLDPE and CDTP)were pelletized and used in the subsequent blown film experiments.

The blown film fabrication experiments were conducted on a HosokawaAlpine blown film line. Some of the general process parameters are inTables 2A and 2B. The line was set with a 160 mm mono layer die whichwas connected to a 90 mm and 30 L/D single screw extruder. The filmswere made with a 60 mil die gap, 2.5 blow-up ratio. The targeted filmgauge was 1.0 mil (25.4 microns). The air ring was a triple-lip air ringwith two lips blowing chilled air upward, while one lip was blowingchilled air downward. The air ring can also be elevated from the die.Conventional air ring sits on top of the die, which was “zero” inelevation. This particular air ring can be moved up to 18 in from thedie top plate, and in the examples (see Table 2A) the air ring or“cooling device” height was about 12-14 inches, the value of “H” as inTables 2A, 4A, 5A and 6A, while the cooling air temperature in each casewas 17° C. as shown in Table 2A. The surrounding air temperature was25-30° C. The standard baseline extrusion rate was 10lbs/in-die-circumference/hr. The maximum rate was determined to be therate just prior to the situation where either film bubble was no longerstable.

The polymer pellets were fed into the single screw extruder via a Syncrofeeding system. The polymer pellets are melted and further mixed insidethe single extruder. Then the polymer melt was passed through a screenchange with 20/40/40/20 mesh screen pack. The polymers melt flowhorizontally into the die. The spiral distribution channel inside thedie converted and distributed the flow to vertical flow uniformly. Thenthe polymer melt flows out the 60 mil die gap. The cold air on the innerside of polymer applied positive pressure to inflate the bubble. The tworolls on up-nip of the blown film line pull the bubble upwards. Thechilled air from the air ring blows on the outer side of the bubble toaccelerate cooling. The film bubble passed through two bubble cageswhich stabilized the bubble when it moved upward. The bubble continuedto pass through a collapsing frame to collapse the bubble into atwo-layer flat film. The flat film moved through the up-nip and secondnip for tension control and further stabilization. Then the film waswound into film roll on a surface winder.

The Example films are identified in Table 3, and the results of the filmproduction runs for each example are summarized in Tables 4A, 4B, and4C, and Tables 5A, 5B, and 5C, and Tables 6A, 6B, and 6C. These resultsare summarized in FIGS. 5 and 7.

For the inventive finished, blown films, SAXS/WAXS measurements weretaken, and their relation to both 1% Secant Flexural Modulus and DartImpact are shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B. The stiffness of the blown filmcharacterized by 1% average Secant Flexural Modulus was proportional tothe orientation of lamellae stacks to MD in MD-TD plane (f_(LAM))measured from SAXS. The 1% average Secant Flexural Modulus is theaverage value of both 1% MD-Secant Flexural Modulus value and 1%TD-Secant Flexural Modulus value. The correlations are shown in FIG. 8A.Meanwhile, the film toughness characterized by the Dart Impactdemonstrates an inverse proportion relation with the orientation ofx-axis of crystal (fc) measured from WAXS. The correlations are shown inFIG. 8B.

TABLE 2A Exemplary Process Data-Measured Values Run Parameter UnitsValue Gauge Mil 1.04 Gauge 2 s % 2.5 BUR no unit 2.5 Lay Flat inch (mm)24.71 (627) Total Extrusion Rate lbs/hr 198.7 Frost Line Height inch(mm) 34 (864) Line Speed (primary nip) FPM 158.1 Extruder Speed RPM 26.8Extruder Load % 58.2 Specific Output lb/hr/rpm 7.42 Air Ring Height inch(mm) 13.2 (335) Air Ring Position no unit 3 Feed Throat ° F. (° C.) 105(40) Barrel #1 ° F. (° C.) 355 (179) Barrel #2 ° F. (° C.) 370 (188)Barrel #3 ° F. (° C.) 370 (188) Barrel #4 ° F. (° C.) 370 (188) Barrel#5 ° F. (° C.) 371 (188) Barrel #6 ° F. (° C.) 370 (188) Zone #7 ° F. (°C.) 390 (199) Die #1 ° F. (° C.) 400 (204) Die #2 ° F. (° C.) 400 (204)Die #3 ° F. (° C.) 400 (204) Die #4 ° F. (° C.) 400 (204)

TABLE 2B Exemplary Process Data-Measured Values Run Parameter Unitsvalue Melt Temperature (¾″ in) ° F. (° C.) 408 (209) Melt Temperature °F. (° C.) 410 (210) (average) Melt Temperature #1 ° F. (° C.) 395 (202)Melt Temperature #2 ° F. (° C.) 409 (209) Melt Temperature #3 ° F. (°C.) NA Melt Temperature #4 ° F. (° C.) 411 (211) Melt Temperature #5 °F. (° C.) 404 (207) Melt Pressure - Zone #1 PSI (MPa) 2,132 (14.7) MeltPressure - Zone #2 PSI (MPa) 4,804 (33) Melt Pressure - Zone #3 PSI(MPa) 6,518 (44) Melt Pressure - Zone #4 PSI (MPa) 6,950 (48) MeltPressure - Zone #5 PSI (MPa) 7,965 (55) Melt Pressure - Zone #6 PSI(MPa) 6,316 (44) Melt Pressure - Zone #7 PSI (MPa) 5,229 (36) AIR RingSpeed % 25 IBC Supply Speed % 64.9 IBC Exhaust Speed % 45.5 Air Ring AirTemp ° F. (° C.) 62 (17) IBC Air Temp ° F. (° C.) 51 (11) Exhaust AirTemp ° F. (° C.) 117 (47)

TABLE 3 Sample Film Identification Sample No. Identity of resin(s) andfilm forming run 1 Exceed 1018 -Standard (STD) rate 2 Exceed 1018-Maximum (MAX) rate 3 1% CDTP in Exceed 1018 G -STD rate 4 1% CDTP inExceed 1018 G -MAX rate 5 3% CDTP in Exceed 1018 G -STD rate 6 3% CDTPin Exceed 1018 G -MAX rate 7 1% CDTP in Exceed 1018 P -STD rate 8 1%CDTP in Exceed 1018 P -MAX rate 9 5% CDTP in Exceed 1018 P -STD rate 105% CDTP in Exceed 1018 P -MAX rate

TABLE 4A Process Results for Films 1-4 Process Data Units 1 2 3 4 Gauge(measured by lab) mil 1.04 1.04 0.99 1.04 Gauge 2 σ % 2.5 3.1 1.9 4.8BUR — 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Lay Flat in 24.7 24.7 24.6 24.7 Total ExtrusionRate lbs/hr 198.7 356 197.4 416.3 Maximum Die Rate lb/hr/in- 10 (0.56)18 (1.01) 10 (0.56) 21 (1.19) circumference (kg/mm-hr) Frost Line Heightin 34 52 34 60 Line Speed FPM 158.1 288.7 161.8 340.9 (primary nip)Extruder Speed RPM 26.8 49.2 30.8 65.1 Extruder Load % 58.2 62.3 56.2562.5 Specific Output lb/hr/rpm 7.42 7.24 6.40 6.39 Air Ring Height in(cm) 13.2 (33.5) 14.3 (36.3) 14 (35.6) 14 (35.6)

TABLE 4B Measured Properties for Films 1-4 Sample ID 1 2 3 4 Gauge Mic(mils) Average 1.03 1.03 1.01 1 Low 0.98 0.95 0.94 0.91 High 1.09 1.071.1 1.06 1% Flex Mod (psi) MD 23,741 24,011 28,360 27,739 TD 26,39326,957 32,989 34,506 Tensile Yield Strength (psi) MD 1,316 1,280 1,4311,370 TD 1,285 1,308 1,293 1,411 Elongation @ Yield (%) MD 6.6 5.9 6.55.6 TD 6 5.6 3.9 4.6 Tensile Strength (psi) MD 9,786 9,747 9,581 9,464TD 8,558 8,954 8,392 8,191 Elongation @ Break (%) MD 537 514 550 542 TD643 664 646 670

TABLE 4C Measured Properties for Films 1-4 Sample ID 1 2 3 4 ElmendorfTear MD (g) 258 245 236 215 TD (g) 364 391 427 512 MD (g/mil) 248 245238 213 TD (g/mil) 353 383 423 507 Haze (%) 32.8 37.4 2.9 3.1 Gloss (GU)MD 20 16 80 79 TD 19 17 81 79 Dart Impact, Composite Method A (g) 962845 734 539 (g/mil) 934 820 727 539 Puncture, BTEC Method B Peak Force(lbs) 12.5 11.1 13.6 13.6 Peak Force (lbs/mil) 12.1 10.8 13.5 13.6 BreakEnergy (in-lbs) 42.3 35.7 46.3 48 Break Energy (in-lbs/mil) 41 34.6 45.848

TABLE 5A Process Results for Films 5-8 Process Parameter units 5 6 7 8Gauge mil 0.98 1.04 0.99 0.99 Gauge 2 σ % 6.3 8.8 2.5 8.4 BUR 2.5 2.52.5 2.5 Lay Flat in 24.68 24.78 24.67 24.96 Total Extrusion Rate lbs/hr197.4 454.1 196.7 453 Maximum Die Rate lb/hr/in- 10 (0.56) 23 (1.30) 10(0.56) 23 (1.30) circumference (kg/mm-hr) Frost Line Height in 34 70 3370 Line Speed FPM 161.8 371.7 161.8 370.4 (primary nip) Extruder SpeedRPM 31.7 73.3 28 68.4 Extruder Load % 54.85 62.89 57.03 64.45 SpecificOutput lb/hr/rpm 6.23 6.20 7.03 6.62 Air Ring Height In (cm) 14 (35.6)14 (35.6) 14.1 (35.6) 14.3 (36.3)

TABLE 5B Measured Properties for Films 5-8 Sample ID 5 6 7 8 Gauge Mic(mils) Average 1.01 1.02 1 1.01 Low 0.94 0.94 0.97 0.89 High 1.07 1.141.05 1.12 1% Flex Mod (psi) MD 25,493 27,765 25,442 28,249 TD 33,04931,956 28,599 33,041 Tensile Yield Strength (psi) MD 1,431 1,432 1,3131,392 TD 1,365 1,389 1,394 1,442 Elongation @ Yield (%) MD 6.9 6.6 5.96.1 TD 4.4 4.7 6 5.5 Tensile Strength (psi) MD 9,786 8,892 9,245 8,978TD 8,411 8,407 7,875 7,588 Elongation @ Break (%) MD 568 557 519 520 TD639 670 604 646

TABLE 5C Measured Properties for Films 5-8 Sample ID 5 6 7 8 ElmendorfTear MD (g) 201 200 216 201 TD (g) 403 495 386 481 MD (g/mil) 203 204219 197 TD (g/mil) 412 495 393 471 Haze (%) 2.6 3.6 2.4 3.3 Gloss (GU)MD 81 79 83 77 TD 82 79 84 77 Dart Impact, Composite Method A (g) 533383 677 587 (g/mil) 528 375 677 581 Puncture, BTEC Method B Peak Force(lbs) 12.9 12.2 11.9 11.9 Peak Force (lbs/mil) 12.8 12 11.9 11.8 BreakEnergy (in-lbs) 44.4 38.1 34.5 36 Break Energy (in-lbs/mil) 44 37.3 34.535.6

TABLE 6A Process Results for Films 9-10 Process Parameter Units 9 10Gauge mil 1.02 1.06 (measured by lab) Gauge 2σ % 2.8 10.0 BUR 2.5 2.5Lay Flat in 24.68 24.97 Total Extrusion Rate lbs/hr 198.1 454.1 MaximumDie Rate lb/hr/in- 10 (0.56) 23 (1.30) circumference (kg/mm-hr) FrostLine Height in 34 70 Line Speed FPM 162.1 371.4 (primary nip) ExtruderSpeed RPM 31.8 74.6 Extruder Load % 55.47 61.72 Specific Outputlb/hr/rpm 6.23 6.08 Air Ring Height in (cm) 14.3 (36.3) 14.3 (36.3)

TABLE 6B Measured Properties for Films 9-10 Sample ID 9 10 Gauge Mic(mils) Average 1.01 1.07 Low 0.95 0.97 High 1.1 1.19 1% Flex Mod (psi)MD 25,288 26,525 TD 32,578 33,076 Tensile Yield Strength (psi) MD 1,3471,409 TD 1,315 1,544 Elongation @ Yield (%) MD 7.1 6.5 TD 4.2 7.8Tensile Strength (psi) MD 8,654 8,727 TD 8,030 8,192 Elongation @ Break(%) MD 563 543 TD 606 650

TABLE 6C Measured Properties for Films 9-10 Sample ID 9 10 ElmendorfTear MD (g) 212 234 TD (g) 392 548 MD (g/mil) 210 232 TD (g/mil) 396 503Haze (%) 2.8 3.8 Gloss (%) MD 82 77 TD 82 78 Dart Impact, CompositeMethod A (g) 742 652 (g/mil) 734 609 Puncture, BTEC Method B Peak Force(lbs) 10.9 12.5 Peak Force (lbs/mil) 10.8 11.7 Break Energy (in-lbs)30.4 41.2 Break Energy (in-lbs/mil) 30.1 38.5

Having described the various features of the inventive LLDPE/CDTPcompositions, process for making films, and the films therefrom,disclosed here in numbered paragraphs is:

-   P1. A blown film having an MD Tensile Strength within a range from    6,000 psi (41 MPa) to 16,000 psi (110 MPa), or a foamed article, the    film or foamed article comprising (or consisting essentially of, or    consisting of):

a composition comprising at least one polyethylene and within the rangefrom 0.10 wt % to 10 wt % of a CDTP; wherein the CDTP comprisesethylene-derived units, within a range from 0.01 wt % to 10.0 wt %cyclic diene-derived units, and 0 wt % to 20 wt % of C₄ to C₁₀ α-olefinderived units based on the weight of the CDTP, wherein the CDTP has:

-   -   a) a g′_(vis) of less than 0.80, or less than 0.60;    -   b) an M_(w(MALLS)) within a range of from 200,000 g/mol to        1,000,000 g/mol;    -   c) an M_(w(MALLS))/M_(n(DRI)) within the range of from 5.0 to        30.0; and    -   d) an M_(z(MALLS))/M_(n(DRI)) of greater than 50.0.

-   P2. The blown film (or foamed article) of numbered paragraph 1,    wherein the cyclic diene-derived units are selected from the group    consisting of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), norbornadiene (NBD),    5-vinyl-2-norbornene (VNB), ethylidene norbornene (ENB), derivatives    thereof, and combinations thereof.

-   P3. The blown film (or foamed article) of any one of the previous    numbered paragraphs, wherein the polyethylene has a melt index (ASTM    D 1238 190° C., 2.16 kg) within the range from 0.40 g/10 min to 10    g/10 min.

-   P4. The blown film (or foamed article) of any one of the previous    numbered paragraphs, wherein the polyethylene has a g′vis of greater    than 0.90.

-   P5. The blown film (or foamed article) of any one of the previous    numbered paragraphs, wherein the polyethylene is a linear low    density polyethylene (LLDPE) having a density within the range from    0.850 g/cm³ to 0.930 g/cm³.

-   P6. The blown film (or foamed article) of any one of the previous    numbered paragraphs, wherein the polyethylene has a molecular weight    distribution (Mw/Mn) within the range from 1.8 to 4.0.

-   P7. The blown film (or foamed article) of any one of the previous    numbered paragraphs, wherein the CDTP has an    M_(z(MALLS))/M_(w(MALLS)) of greater than 2.0.

-   P8. The blown film of any one of the previous numbered paragraphs,    wherein the blown film follows the relationship:    20,676 (psi)<ASC-44094·f _(LAM)<24,676 (psi);    wherein f_(LAM) is the Orientation of lamellae stacks to MD in MD-TD    plane [-], and ASC is the 1% Average Secant Flexural Modulus [psi].

-   P9. The blown film of any one of the previous numbered paragraphs,    wherein the blown film follows the relationship:    667 (g/mil)<DI+27.8·f _(c)·100<1,067 (g/mil);    wherein f_(c) is Orientation of c-axis of crystal [-], and DI is    Dart Impact [g/mil].

-   P10. The blown film of any one of the previous numbered paragraphs,    wherein the MD Tensile Strength of the blown film is within a range    from 8,000 psi (55 MPa) to 16,000 psi (110 MPa).

-   P11. The blown film of any one of the previous numbered paragraphs,    wherein the MD Elongation of the blown film is within a range from    480% to 680%.

-   P12. The blown film of any one of the previous numbered paragraphs,    wherein the Gloss (ASTM D2457, 60°) of the blown film is greater    than 60%.

-   P13. A method of forming a blown film of any one of the previous    numbered paragraphs comprising (or consisting essentially of, or    consisting of):

extruding a molten composition through a die opening to form a film;wherein the molten composition comprises at least one polyethylene andwithin the range from 0.10 wt % to 10 wt % of a cyclic-diene terpolymer(CDTP) by weight of the composition;

causing the film to progress in a direction away from the die opening;in any embodiment as determined by the crystallinity of the filmdetermined at any point along “B” of FIG. 1A, or at any point above thecooling device 27;

cooling the film at a distance from the die opening, the distanceadjusted to effect the properties of the film; and isolating a blownfilm therefrom.

-   P14. The method of numbered paragraph 13, wherein the distance is    within a range of from 1 cm to 3.0 meters.-   P15. The method of any one of numbered paragraphs 13-14, wherein the    cooling is provided by air blown on at least a portion of the film,    the temperature of the air is at least 10° C. cooler than the    surrounding temperature.-   P16. The method of any one of numbered paragraphs 13-15, wherein the    film is formed at a Maximum Die Rate within a range from greater    than 13 lb/in-hr (0.73 kg/mm-hr); or within a range from 13 lb/in-hr    (0.73 kg/mm-hr) to 40 lb/in-hr (2.25 kg/mm-hr).

Also disclosed is the use of a method of forming a blown film comprisingextruding a molten composition through a die opening to form a film;wherein the molten composition comprises at least one polyethylene andwithin the range from 0.10 wt % to 10 wt % of a cyclic-diene terpolymer(CDTP) by weight of the composition; causing the film to progress in adirection away from the die opening; cooling the film at a distance fromthe die opening, the distance adjusted to allow relaxation of the moltencomposition prior to solidification and/or crystallization upon cooling,thus effecting the properties of the film such as impact strength, tearstrength, tensile properties, etc.; and isolating a blown filmtherefrom.

The phrase “consisting essentially of” in a film means that no otheradditives (additional polymers and/or antioxidants, antistatic agents,antislip agents, fillers) are present in the composition being referredto other than those named, or, if present, are present to a level nogreater than 0.5, or 1.0, or 2.0, or 4.0 wt % by weight of thecomposition; and in a process, “consisting essentially of” means that noother major process step is present or effects the claimed filmproperties such that the value would be outside the claim scope.

For all jurisdictions in which the doctrine of “incorporation byreference” applies, all of the test methods, patent publications,patents and reference articles are hereby incorporated by referenceeither in their entirety or for the relevant portion for which they arereferenced, including the priority document(s).

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method of forming a blown filmcomprising: extruding a molten composition through a die opening to forma film; wherein the molten composition comprises at least onepolyethylene and within the range from 0.10 wt % to 10 wt % of acyclic-diene terpolymer (CDTP) by weight of the composition; causing thefilm to progress in a direction away from the die opening; cooling thefilm at a distance from the die opening, the distance adjusted to affectthe properties of the film; and isolating a blown film therefrom;wherein the polyethylene has a SHR (150° C.) within a range from 1.0 to3.0 per 1 wt % of CDTP present in the composition.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the polyethylene is a linear low density polyethylene(LLDPE) having a density within the range from 0.850 g/cm³ to 0.930g/cm³.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the polyethylene has amolecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) within the range from 1.8 to 4.0.4. The method of claim 1, wherein the CDTP is a terpolymer comprisingethylene-derived units, C₃ to C₁₀ α-olefin derived units, and cyclicdiene-derived units; wherein the cyclic diene-derived units are selectedfrom the group consisting of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), norbornadiene(NBD), 5-vinyl-2-norbornene (VNB), ethylidene norbornene (ENB),derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the CDTP comprises ethylene, within a range from 0.01 wt % to10.0 wt % cyclic diene-derived units, and 0 wt % to 20 wt % of C₄ to C₁₀α-olefin derived units based on the weight of the CDTP, wherein the CDTPhas: a) a) a g′vis of less than 0.80; b) b) an M_(w(MALLS)) within arange of from 200,000 g/mol to 1,000,000 g/mol; c) c) anM_(w(MALLS))/M_(n(DRI)) within the range of from 5.0 to 30.0; and d) d)an M_(w(MALLS))/M_(n(DRI)) of greater than 50.0.
 6. The method of claim1, wherein the distance is within a range of from 1 cm to 3 meters. 7.The method of claim 1, wherein the cooling is provided by air blown onat least a portion of the film, the temperature of the air is at least10° C. cooler than the surrounding temperature.
 8. The method of claim1, wherein the film is formed at a Maximum Die Rate of greater than 13lb/in-hr (0.73 kg/mm-hr).
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the CDTP hasan M_(w(MALLS))/M_(w(MALLS)) of greater than 2.0.
 10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the MD Tensile Strength of the blown film is within arange from 8,000 psi (55 MPa) to 16,000 psi (110 MPa).
 11. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the MD Elongation of the blown film is within a rangefrom 480% to 680%.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the Gloss (ASTMD2457, 60°) of the blown film is greater than 60%.
 13. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the die opening is in the form of a ring and the moltencomposition emanating therefrom is in the form of a continuous tube. 14.The method of claim 1, wherein the blown film has a thickness within therange from 10 μm to 150 μm.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the blownfilm follows the relationship:16,676 (psi)<ASC-44094·f _(LAM)<28,676 (psi); wherein f_(LAM) is theOrientation of lamellae stacks to MD in MD-TD plane [-], and ASC is the1% Average Secant [psi].
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the blownfilm follows the relationship:467 (g/mil)<DI+27.8·f _(c)·100<1,267 (g/mil); wherein f_(c) isOrientation of c-axis of crystal [-], and DI is Dart Impact [g/mil]. 17.A foamed article comprising: at least one polyethylene and within therange from 0.10 wt % to 10 wt % of CDTP; wherein the CDTP comprisesethylene-derived units, within a range from 0.01 wt % to 10.0 wt %cyclic diene-derived units, and 0 wt % to 20 wt % of C₄ to C₁₀ α-olefinderived units based on the weight of the CDTP, wherein the CDTP has: a)a g′vis of less than 0.80; b) an M_(w(MALLS)) within a range of from200,000 g/mol to 1,000,000 g/mol; c) an M_(w(MALLS))/M_(n(DRI)) withinthe range of from 5.0 to 30.0; and an M_(w(MALLS))/M_(n(DRI)) of greaterthan 50.0; wherein the polyethylene has a SHR (150° C.) within a rangefrom 1.0 to 3.0 per 1 wt % of CDTP present in the composition.